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They Seem to Find the Happiness They Seek
WHEN
people fall in love, they opt for an experience that others have had
before. Very often that’s what they have in mind: they would like to
share some of what happened to Romeo and Juliet, or Lizzy and Darcy or
maybe just their parents. One of those archetypes of romance was born
75 years ago, with the release of “The Gay Divorcee,” starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.
The
cinema has had many classic couples: several, in fact, in 1934, the
year of “It Happened One Night,” “Twentieth Century” and “The Thin
Man.” But it has never had another couple who enshrined romantic love
so definitively in terms of dance.
Dancing together, Astaire and
Rogers expressed many of love’s moods: courtship and seduction,
repartee and responsiveness, teasing and challenge, the surprise of
newfound harmony, the happy recapture of bygone romance, the giddy
exhilaration of high spirits and intense mutual accord, the sense of a
perfect balance of power, the tragedy of parting and, not least, the
sense of love as role playing. It’s startling how many of those shades
are already present in “Night and Day,” their first romantic duet
together, in “The Gay Divorcee.”
The story has often been told.
Astaire (1899-1987), after years of partnering his sister, Adele, broke
through to a new romantic seriousness in 1932, when partnering Claire
Luce onstage in London in Cole Porter’s
“Gay Divorce,” particularly in the number “Night and Day.” He went to
Hollywood as a fully grown star in 1933. When he and Rogers (1911-95)
were given fifth and fourth star billing in RKO’s “Flying Down to Rio”
that year, their brief fling in the “Carioca” number became its biggest
sensation.
“The Gay Divorce” was promptly adapted for the screen
as “The Gay Divorcee” for the new star team. Astaire and Rogers went on
to make seven more RKO movies together in the 1930s. Astaire
choreographed, and the specifications he made for how the camera should
follow him set unsurpassed standards: Film the dancers full-frame,
without close-up; keep reaction shots to a minimum; run the dance in as
few takes as possible, preferably just one.
He went on to partner many other women. (Astaire aficionados like to debate who, after Ginger, complemented him best. Rita Hayworth? Cyd Charisse? Eleanor Powell? Gracie Allen?) But though he developed the artistry of his solos in the 1940s, his screen chemistry with Rogers has never been matched.
Watching
“Night and Day” as danced by Astaire and Rogers in “The Gay Divorcee,”
we can’t tell how much Astaire adapted it since performing it with
Luce, and Rogers is not yet as supple and skilled a dancer as she would
be two years later. Yet we see the Astaire-Rogers alchemy in full
force. Much of it has to do with Rogers’s multifaceted reactions to
Astaire.
Her face is riveting because it has such restraint.
Among the breathtaking aspects of her performance are her sudden stops
to address him (as if acknowledging the force field between them); the
suggestions that at one point she is helplessly sleepwalking but that,
at another, having great fun; the very sweet way she implies that love
(and dancing with a partner) is something she is happily learning as
she goes along; the ripples that pass at different moments through her
spine and pelvis; the huge, determined strides she takes to break away
from him at one juncture, and then, when he stops her, the mysteriously
fluent near-slap she gives him (and the soft way she watches him as he
reels back across the room). Astaire leads throughout and is
compelling. But her responses, from face to foot, give this duet its
depth.
Two years after the “Gay Divorcee” Rogers reached her
apogee in “Swing Time” (1936). By now she has a dancer’s body as
beautiful as any the screen has ever seen. The glimpses of her legs in
their “Pick Yourself Up” number (her calf-length skirts fly as they
tap) are enough to make you gasp. Her spine can now arch and bend in
many ways, all apparently full of feeling; the slenderness of her waist
is always ravishing.
Yet she never looks rarefied or trained. For
that matter, she doesn’t behave like a great beauty and isn’t presented
as one. Her ordinariness and spontaneity (just watch her arms and
hands) are central to her attractiveness. While she always retains
these qualities, there are parts of “Swing Time” (and other
Astaire-Rogers movies of their prime) in which she and Astaire become
divinities and, together, epitomize glamour, love and dance.
Perhaps the high of highs is the “Waltz in Swing Time,”
filmed in one take. Astaire is in black tie, Rogers in full-length
white. This dance is a novelty number, like several others in their
films (“The Carioca,” “The Continental,” “The Piccolino,” the tap dance
on roller skates, “The Yam”) and probably the most miraculous in terms
of pure dance. They’re moving fast and percussively, yet the impression
is of an unbroken slow-traveling legato flow. They’re combining swing
and waltz rhythms (it feels like riding two horses at once), yet the
impression isn’t of rhythmic virtuosity so much as of impulsive rapture.
It’s
my impression that Astaire and Rogers have become even more classic
than ever. Now that ballroom dance has been repopularized by “So You
Think You Can Dance,” the Astaire-Rogers image is often invoked. (“Burn
the Floor,” the skillfully repellent stage musical currently on
Broadway, which features 16 stars of “So You Think,” has an episode in
which one couple and then another appear dressed as Astaire and Rogers,
with the music quoting their “Let’s Face the Music and Dance” number
from the 1936 “Follow the Fleet.”)
Only in the 1960s did the
Astaire-Rogers duets first receive serious critical attention as great
choreography. In 1965 Arlene Croce, who until then had been best known
as a film critic, founded Ballet Review magazine (which flourishes
still), and one of her two remarkable contributions to the first issue
was the essay “Notes on La Belle, La Perfectly Swell, Romance.” (It was
republished in 2008 in Robert Gottlieb’s “Reading Dance” anthology.)
In
1972 Ms. Croce followed this with one of the best-loved works in dance
literature, “The Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Book.” In prose that
perfectly rises to the thrill of these classics, she herself produced a
classic. It has been quoted and cited in innumerable books on Astaire
and Rogers, on Astaire, on film musicals and on romantic comedy. It’s
out of print now, but since it has been reissued in the past, it’s fair
to hope it will be reissued again.
In the 1960s and ’70s you had
to wait for Astaire-Rogers movies on television or in revival houses.
In the case of “Roberta” (1935) you often had to wait years. Ms. Croce
rightly calls this “their most ebullient film.” But MGM (which remade
it in 1952 as “Lovely to Look At”) tried to bury it for decades. Now
you can get a DVD boxed set of all 10 Astaire-Rogers movies and watch
“Roberta” to your heart’s content. The “Swing Time” DVD can be watched
with a commentary by John Mueller, whose 440-page study “Astaire
Dancing” (1986) is as indispensable to Astaire studies as Ms. Croce’s
book.
Ms. Croce’s taste and eminently quotable prose and Mr.
Mueller’s detailed analysis hang over two recent books, Hannah Hyam’s
“Fred & Ginger” (Pen Press Publishers) and Joseph Epstein’s
“Fred Astaire” (Yale University Press). These are, however,
diametrically opposite writers. Mr. Epstein casually remarks, “I cannot
remember whether I’ve watched ‘Top Hat’ five or six times, but I
continue to find new little things in it,” whereas Ms. Hyam, no less
casually, says about the “Waltz in Swing Time” that “it is necessary to
watch it at least a dozen times before we can even begin to grasp the
wealth of detail in which it abounds.”
I don’t need to read 191
pages on Astaire by someone who has watched “Top Hat” only six times at
most (“dull as the script is,” Mr. Epstein writes of it) and relies
heavily on references and quotations from the writing of others. At one
point Mr. Epstein tells us that “Astaire probably overrehearsed,” at
another why he needed to rehearse so much.
After quoting from
Edwin Denby, Ms. Croce, Mr. Mueller and Charles (Honi) Coles, he gives
us this aperçu of his own about “Top Hat”: “You have this pretty girl
and this far from handsome yet smoothly attractive guy, and the two of
them join together to dance like nobody else, before or since, and some
terrific music is playing much of the time, so what the hell, but
wouldn’t it be great if life had more such moments: glamorous,
romantic, elegant, yes, and uncomplicatedly happy.” By the way, “Top
Hat” seems to be the Astaire film Mr. Epstein has watched the most.
Ms.
Hyam, by contrast, is an Astaire-Rogers nerd. She has little sense of
context outside their movies, she scarcely attends to the music, and
too much of her writing consists of plodding exposition. Some of the
best points occur in the notes at the back. (In the main text she finds
the script for “Top Hat” to be “clever, witty.” You have to turn to the
notes to see how she points to the symmetry with which Astaire says,
“If I ever forgot myself with that girl, I’d like to remember it,” and
Rogers, 20 minutes later, says, “I’ll make him remember me in a manner
he’ll never forget.”)
But her book is as knowledgeable as it is
loving. When she disagrees, seldom, with Ms. Croce (in “Top Hat,” for
example, she finds Ms. Croce misses the point of the “several dreamy
backbends” — Ms. Croce’s phrase — in “Cheek to Cheek”), she makes you
see why. (This spectacular duet probably isn’t as moving as it should
be, not, I think, because of the choreography but simply because this
is their least spontaneous performance. Its filming was notoriously
complicated by the way Rogers’s stunning dress kept shedding feathers
all over the set; even after revisions and multiple takes, a few
feathers are still falling on screen.)
As Ms. Hyam proceeds, she
makes points that send you back to watch the films again. Of the “Waltz
in Swing Time” she quotes both Ms. Croce and Mr. Mueller to good effect
before adding, “One astonishing sequence among the so many: when
Rogers, facing Astaire, joyfully curves her body for him to vault over
it, twice, and a third time presents her slightly inclined back for him
to repeat this most intimate maneuver — just before they both rush
headlong, in each other’s arms, into the final stage of the dance.”
When you check it out, you find that you love the number even more as a
result.
Neither book refers to another classic, James Harvey’s
“Romantic Comedy in Hollywood: From Lubitsch to Sturges,” which
perceptively sets Astaire and Rogers in full film context and gives us
much more to see and consider. And neither reflects on the baroque
intricacy of the numerous shows within films and dramas within dramas
with which these movies abound.
The sense that Fred and Ginger
keep playing roles (roles within their roles) ought to make them in
these films more artificial, more tongue in cheek; but instead it gives
them — and the different aspects of love they express — depth and
complexity. Often when they’re doing a dance scene that (the plot tells
us) they have rehearsed and that they are performing for an audience
(which applauds) they turn out to be at their most spontaneous and
piercing, and their love seems at its most real. Ms. Hyam is right: We
need to keep returning to these movies. Hilarious and entrancing as
they often are, they endlessly repay close study.