This is the
thirteenth in a series highlighting the best gay and lesbian authors from the 20th
century (with a few before and after that period) who have recorded in fiction,
and nonfiction, the history of gay people telling what life is, and was, during
an important time of history
Thanks to my mother belonging to some sort of Play of the Month Club I saw 2 of the most memorable theatre events in New York theatre
history. I remember one as if I just saw it today while I have very dim
memories of the first one. The first one was Laurette Taylor in the
production of Tennessee Williams's "The Glass Menagerie", giving a performance that is still spoken of in
awed terms. The second play was "A Streetcar Named Desire", also by
Tennessee Williams that brought Marlon Brando super stardom and turned
acting on its head.
I
won't say it is because of Williams that I became a writer, and always
wanted to write, but he certainly set a standard that I have always
tried to reach. Whether writing a book or a play he had a natural poetry
that flowed through his words.
A couple of years ago I sold my collection of Tennessee Wiliams books consisting of all his plays, memoirs, short stories and novels
except for one that I had bought in 1964, a book of his poetry, called
"In The Winter Of Cities" and contains my favorite poem entitled, "Life
Story".
There
is not a day that goes by without a production of one, if not more, of
his plays somewhere in the world and they are often revived on Broadway.
Many of his plays have been made into money making films that are often
on 'best' lists. He has had more successful plays than any other
playwright.
Tennessee Williams (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) born Thomas
Lanier Williams, was an American playwright who received many of the top
theatrical awards for his works of drama. He moved to New Orleans in 1939 and
changed his name to "Tennessee", the Southeastern U.S. state, his father's birthplace.
He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire in
1948 and for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1955. In
addition, The
Glass MenagerieThe Night of the Iguana (1961)
received New York Drama Critics' Circle Awards. His 1952 play The Rose Tattoo received the Tony Award for best play. In 1980
he was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by
President Jimmy Carter. (1945) and
Career
In 1939, the young playwright received a $1,000 Rockefeller Grant, and a year
later, Battle of Angels was produced in Boston
which failed to achieve success.
Williams moved to New Orleans in 1939 to write for the WPA. He lived for a time in the
French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana; first at 722
Toulouse Street, the setting of his 1977 play Vieux Carré. The building is part
of The
Historic New Orleans Collection. During 1944-45, The Glass Menagerie was
produced in Chicago and was widely accepted as a success. This was followed by a
successful Broadway run. The play tells the story of Tom, his disabled sister,
Laura, and their controlling mother Amanda who tries to make a match between
Laura and the gentleman caller. Many people believe that Tennessee used his own
familial relationships as inspiration for the play. Elia Kazan (who directed
many of Williams' greatest successes) said of Tennessee: "Everything in his life
is in his plays, and everything in his plays is in his life." The Glass
Menagerie won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for best play of the
season.
He began writing A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) while living at 632 St. Peter Street. He finished it later in Key West, Florida,
where he moved in the 1940s. He won his first Pulitzer prize for the play.
Williams followed up his first major critical success with several other
Broadway hits including such plays as Summer and Smoke, The Rose Tattoo,
and Camino Real. He received his first Pulitzer Prize in 1948 for A Streetcar
Named Desire, and reached an even larger world-wide audience in 1950 and
1951 when The Glass Menagerie and
A Streetcar Named
Desire were made into major motion pictures. Later plays which were also
made into motion pictures include Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (for which he
earned a second Pulitzer Prize in 1955), Orpheus Descending, Night of the Iguana and Summer and
Smoke.
Biography
[ Childhood and
education
Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi, in the home of his
maternal grandfather, the local Episcopal priest. He was of
Welsh descent. His father, Cornelius Williams, a hard drinking traveling
salesman, favored Tennessee's younger brother Dakin, perhaps because of
Tennessee's weakness and effeminacy as a child. His mother, Edwina, was a borderline hysteric. Tennessee Williams
would find inspiration in his problematic family for much of his writing.
In 1918, when Williams was seven, the family moved to the University City neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, where he first
attended Soldan High School, used in his work The Glass Menagerie and later University City High School.[1] In 1927, at age 16,
Williams won third prize (five dollars) for an essay published in Smart Set entitled, "Can
a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?" A year later, he published "The
Vengeance of Nitocris" in Weird Tales.
In the early 1930s Williams attended the University of Missouri, where he joined
Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. In the late 1930s, Williams transferred to Washington University in St.
Louis for a year, and finally earned a degree in 1938 from the University of
Iowa, where he wrote "Spring Storm." Previously, Williams had written
Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay!Garden Players community theater in Memphis, Tennessee. Regarding this
production, Williams wrote, ""The laughter ... enchanted me. Then and there the
theatre and I found each other for better and for worse. I know it's the only
thing that saved my life."[2] He later studied at
the Dramatic
Workshop of The New
School in New York
City. This work was first produced in 1935 by the
Personal life
Tennessee was close to his sister Rose, a slim beauty who was diagnosed with
schizophrenia at a young
age. As was common then, Rose was institutionalized and spent most of her adult
life in mental hospitals. When therapies were unsuccessful, she showed more
paranoid tendencies. In an effort to treat her, Williams' parents authorized a
prefrontal lobotomy, a drastic
treatment that was thought to help some mental patients who suffered extreme
agitation. Performed
in 1937 at the Missouri State Sanitarium, the operation incapacitated Rose for
the rest of her life. Her surgery may have
contributed to his alcoholism and his dependence on various combinations of amphetamines and barbiturates often prescribed by Dr. Max
(Feelgood) Jacobson.
While in New York, Williams worked in many casual jobs including as a waiter
at a Greenwich Village restaurant and a cinema usher. Williams worked extremely
briefly in the renowned Gotham Book Mart in Manhattan, lasting less
than a day.
His first sexual affair with a man was at Provincetown, Massachusetts with a
dancer named Kip. He carried a photo of Kip in his wallet for many years. Having
struggled with his sexuality throughout his youth, he came out as a gay man in
private. When Kip left him for a woman and marriage, Williams was devastated.
Williams was outed as gay by Louis Kronenberger in Time magazine in the
1950s.
While living in New Orleans, Williams met and fell in love with Frank Merlo,
a second generation Sicilian American who had served in the U.S. Navy in World
War II. This was his only enduring relationship. Williams' relationship with Frank Merlo lasted from 1947 until 1962. With that stability, Williams created
his most enduring works. Merlo provided balance to many of Williams' frequent
bouts with depression and the fear that, like his sister Rose, he would go insane.
Due to Williams' addiction to sleeping pills and alcohol as well as his
numerous episodes of infidelity, Merlo finally ended the relationship. However,
soon after Merlo was diagnosed with lung cancer and died in 1963. Merlo's death deeply affected Williams and he sank into a deep depression.
He discussed his homosexuality openly on television and in print in the 70s.
He released his autobiography Memoirs 1975.
His personal tragedies as well as alcoholism contributed to his emotional
problems. At the insistence of his brother, he agreed to be rebaptized as a
Catholic for a short time. His brother also admitted him to a psychiatric ward
for treatment related to his addiction problems after a nervous breakdown in
1969.
Plays
Apprentice plays
- Candles
to the Sun (1936) - Spring Storm (1937)
- Fugitive Kind (1937)
- Not
About Nightingales (1938) - I Rise in Flame, Cried the
Phoenix (1941) - Orpheus
Descending (1945) - You
Touched Me (1945) - Stairs to
the Roof (1947)
Major plays
- The Glass
Menagerie (1944) - A Streetcar Named Desire (1947)
- Summer and
Smoke (1948) - The Rose
Tattoo (1951) - Camino Real (1953)
- Cat
on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) - Orpheus
Descending (1957) - Suddenly, Last Summer (1958)
- Sweet
Bird of Youth (1959) - Period
of Adjustment (1960) - The Night of the Iguana (1961)
- The
Eccentricities of a Nightingale (1962, rewriting of Summer and
Smoke) - The Milk Train Doesn't
Stop Here Anymore (1963) - The Mutilated (1965)
- The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968, aka Kingdom of Earth)
- In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel (1969)
- Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis? (1969)
- Small
Craft Warnings (1972) - The
Two-Character Play (1973) - Out Cry (1973, rewriting
of The Two-Character Play) - The Red Devil Battery Sign (1975)
- This Is (An Entertainment) (1976)
- Vieux Carré (1977)
- A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur (1979)
- Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1980)
- The Notebook of Trigorin (1980)
- Something Cloudy, Something
Clear (1981) - A House Not Meant to Stand (1982)
- In Masks Outrageous and
Austere (1983)
[edit] Novels
- The Roman Spring of Mrs.
Stone (1950, filmed 1961) - Moise
and the World of Reason (1975)
[edit] Screenplays
- Baby Doll (1956)
- The Loss of a Teardrop
Diamond (1957, filmed 2009)
[edit] Short stories
- The Vengeance of Nitocris (1928)
- The
Field of Blue Children (1939) - The
Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin (1951) - Hard Candy: A Book of Stories (1954)
- Three
Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories (1960) - The
Knightly Quest: a Novella and Four Short Stories (1966) - One
Arm and Other Stories (1967)- One Arm
- The Malediction
- The Poet
- Chronicle of a Demise
- Desire and the Black Masseur
- Portrait of a Girl in Glass
- The Important Thing
- The Angel in the Alcove
- The Field of Blue Children
- The Night of the Iguana
- The Yellow Bird
- Eight
Mortal Ladies Possessed: a Book of Stories (1974) - Tent
Worms (1980) - It
Happened the day the Sun Rose, and Other Stories (1981)
[edit] One-act plays
by Tennessee Williams
Tennessee Williams wrote over 70 one-act plays during his lifetime. The
one-acts explored many of the same themes that dominated his longer works.
Williams' major collections are published by New
Directions in New York City.
- American
Blues (1948) - Mister Paradise and Other
One-Act Plays - Dragon Country: a book of one-act plays (1970)
- The Traveling Companion and
Other Plays - 27 Wagons Full of Cotton
and Other Plays (1946 and 1953)- «Something wild...» (introduction) (1953)
- 27 Wagons Full of Cotton (1946 and 1953)
- The Purification (1946 and 1953)
- The Lady of Larkspur Lotion (1946 and 1953)
- The Last of My Solid Gold Watches (1946 and 1953)
- Portrait of a Madonna (1946 and 1953)
- Auto-da-Fé (1946 and 1953)
- Lord Byron's Love Letter (1946 and 1953)
- The Strangest Kind of Romance (1946 and 1953)
- The Long Goodbye (1946 and 1953)
- At Liberty (1946)
- Moony's Kid Don't Cry (1946)
- Hello from Bertha (1946 and 1953)
- This Property Is Condemned (1946 and 1953)
- Talk to Me Like the Rain and Let Me Listen... (1953)
- Something Unspoken (1953)
- The Theatre of
Tennessee Williams, Volume VI - The Theatre of
Tennessee Williams, Volume VII
This article is great.Really enjoyed it a lot.
He was so I think a very interesting person.
Saw few of his movies and liked them a lot.
The people today do not know what they are missing here.
Thanks,Martin.Gore Vidal next?did I missed this one?
It is a damn shame that you do not get more audience in reading this/
Great job and thanks again.